Czochralski's contribution: 50 years on

The microbe's contribution to biology--50 years after.

Just 50 years ago, A. J. Kluyver and C. B. van Niel ventured a concise oversight: they published The Microbe’s Contribution to Biology. One might ponder deeply what is meant by a “contribution” to biology, and at equal length deconstruct the boundaries of “microbe”. Famously, you know one when you see it—but here the object is invisible, and it is mainly by its fruits that you detect a microbe....

Inclusive fitness: 50 years on.

One contribution of 14 to a Theme Issue 'Inclusive fitness: 50 years on'.

Interstellar Grains: 50 Years On

Our understanding of the nature of interstellar grains has evolved considerably over the past half century with the present author and Fred Hoyle being intimately involved at several key stages of progress. The currently fashionable graphite-silicate-organic grain model has all its essential aspects unequivocally traceable to original peer-reviewed publications by the author and/or Fred Hoyle. ...

The Soviet "Doctors' Plot"-50 years on.

The Everett Interpretation: 50 years on

The problem of measurement in quantum mechanics was apparent shortly after the theory’s invention, in the mid 1920s, by Heisenberg, Schrödinger, and Dirac. It is recognizably the successor to the problem of wave-particle duality. Its origins therefore lie with the very beginnings of the discovery of the quantum. It has never been laid to rest. It haunts us still. If anything the problem is beco...